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THE FEMINISATION OF HIV: CHALLENGING THE STEREOTYPES IN HIV AIDS PREVENTION AND TREATMENT IN AUSTRALIA Luisi B1, Katsaros E1 1 Multicultural HIV AIDS and Hepatitis C Service, NSW, Australia Increasingly the response to HIV AIDS in Australia is being challenged by issues around mobility and migration. Recent national and NSW surveillance data show that 21% of HIV notifications were among people born in non-English speaking regions of the world - up from 15% in the late 1990s. More alarming has been the increasing number of notifications among heterosexual women. Recent NSW surveillance data has shown that, in the last year, there has been a significant increase in the number of notifications among heterosexual women. The largest proportion of these was recorded among women from culturally and linguistically diverse CALD ; backgrounds. This trend has interesting implications for the HIV sector. Access to health services and information are critical challenges for individuals from CALD backgrounds . These challenges are compounded by being a woman in a context where HIV prevention and treatment efforts have typically operated within a different philosophical and gender-based framework. The paper will explore the challenges and highlight the opportunities for an effective response to this trend, based on the experience and work of the Multicultural HIV AIDS and Hepatitis C Service. CULTURAL COMPETENCE: IT'S DEVELOPMENT IN RELATION TO PRODUCING HIV AND HEPATITIS C RESOURCES FOR PEOPLE FROM CULTURALLY AND LINGUISTICALLY DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS Martin L1, Paljor S1 1 Multicultural HIV AIDS and Hepatitis C Service, Sydney, NSW, Australia Resources for Culturally And Linguistically Diverse CALD ; communities are usually developed using similar criteria to those for developing mainstream health promotion resources. However, the process for developing resources in community languages is one with challenges over and above the mainstream model. Additionally, HIV and hepatitis C resources pose another set of particular problems. For example how does `coming out of the closet' translate in Chinese? And more importantly, do members of the Chinese community understand the concept? Two key factors in providing HIV and hepatitis C resources for CALD communities are: To prioritise the specific communities e.g. language, culture ; To assess the priority populations within each community e.g. youth, injecting drug users, older people ; Mainstream health agencies often leave the development of multicultural resources to translation agencies, which may develop the resources without cultural nuances in mind. Therefore, a translated resource may not be a culturally appropriate resource. Language itself is a representation of culture; therefore CALD resource development cannot take place in just a language context. The cultural norms and constraints of the particular community, as well as the role of cultural influence on making health choices, must be understood within the organisations producing these resources. This understanding can only be achieved if the organisation is culturally competent. To develop cultural competency, organisations should consider becoming more proactive in their CALD activities. CALD resources and services are not the single responsibility of multicultural organisations, and mainstream agencies should work in partnership with multicultural health organisations to understand the needs of those CALD communities that they aim to work with. THURSDAY 25 AUGUST 2005: 1.30 3.00 This workshop will pose the question `what is cultural competence?' - and will use two current MHAHS HIV and hepatitis C projects to highlight how cultural competency can be applied to multicultural resource development in Australia's multi-layered CALD communities. We will discuss the challenges that developing resources for CALD communities might bring, for example gathering community members for focus testing, and will discuss possible alternatives. CONCURRENT SESSION POLICY CALD SESSION.
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These, particularly parkinsonism, akathisia, sexual dysfunction, sedation and weight gain, are a major cause of non-adherence. Side-effects should be managed by dose reduction preferably ; , a change to a drug with less liability for that specific effect, or the addition of an appropriate antidote. However, in individuals with optimal mental states who adhere to their medication regimen, changing the antipsychotic is not a simple decision. The risks of significant loss of therapeutic response, the emergence of new problematic side-effects and the understandable anxiety of the patient and their carers must be balanced against the benefits accruing from side-effect management. Weight gain and diabetes Weight gain is particularly difficult to address, requiring as it does substantial and permanent dietary and lifestyle changes in a population not known for healthy living. Marked weight gain has been observed with atypical antipsychotics, although it is also a problem with the typicals. Histamine receptor affinity and dopamine affinity relative to 5-HT2 receptors both seem to be robust correlates of weight increase. Low pre-treatment body mass index, young age and female gender increase liability. There are some reports of an association between weight gain and clinical improvement Russell & Mackell, 2001 ; . It remains unclear how much weight gain contributes to type II diabetes and hyperlipidaemia. A large systematic review of weight gain ranked clozapine as presenting the highest risk of gain, followed by olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zotepine and amisulpride Taylor & McAskill, 2000 ; . There is no known association yet with aripiprazole. The World Health Organization has estimated that the worldwide prevalence of diabetes will more than double between 1995 and 2025 Buse, 2002 ; . People with schizophrenia are known to have a twoto threefold increased risk for type II diabetes. The strength of the association between antipsychotics and diabetes varies for individual medications, with the largest number of reports for chlorpromazine, clozapine and olanzapine Henderson, 2002 ; . It would seem prudent to monitor patients' weight, glucose and lipid levels, whatever antipsychotic they are prescribed. QTc interval Regarding QTc interval, prolongation greater than 500 ms is a risk factor for torsades de pointes, a potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmia, but is not the direct cause. Olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone have not been associated with torsades and seroquel.
PART 12. FAMILY HISTORY Please list medical conditions in blood relatives parents, siblings, children ; and who the relative is. Examples include high blood pressure, stroke, heart attack, and diabetes.
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Question: Is it ethical to use funds from drug companies for mandated continuing medical education programs? Answer: This is a rather tender subject. Without advertising from drug companies, our journals would be very expensive. Lectureships as well as other worthwhile projects are sponsored by drug companies. Many of our members see this as a mutual exploitation. At this time, it is ethical to use such funds, but this acceptance should not be tied to blatant advertising; only discreet credit should be given to the company without mention of their products. Because mandated continuing medical education involves a psychiatrist's license and or professional society membership, it would be proper if he or she assumed the full cost of such programs. See Opinion 9.011, AMA Council Opinions, 2000 2001. February 1978.
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The University of Ghana Hospital, like any other hospital in Ghana, has been collecting the medical data of patients but the data is not processed electronically. The volume of patient medical data at the various hospitals has been increasing over the years. However, the data is not properly managed. As a result of this, majority of out-patients do not have full medical record. With this situation, the physician's time is wasted since they have to collect this information again and in addition, it becomes very difficult for them to keep track of the patients. This reduces the ability to carry out high quality clinical research in the hospitals, and compromises the continuity of healthcare as well as the quality of healthcare delivery in the hospital.
Gree with medications. Classes of medication that have been used in the management of specific symptom clusters in patients have been reviewed and summarized in Table 1. Risperidone Risperdal ; : Despite a lack of formal sanction, compelling evidence now supports the use of risperidone or olanzapine Zyprexa ; in patients with AD who exhibit significant delusions, hallucinations, or aggressive behavior. Olanzapine: A key study evaluating the efficacy of olanzapine for the treatment of psychosis and agitation in patients with AD recently indicated results similar to those of risperidone. The main side effects of treatment were somnolence and change in gait. Auetiapine Seroquel ; has been introduced recently. Because of sedative effects, it is preferred for agitation. Other atypical anti-psychotics are expected to be available soon. Ziprasidone Geodon ; should be used with caution because of the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Ariprazole Abilify ; is a recently and requip.
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Atypicals include olanzapine zyprexa ; , risperidone risperdal ; and quetiapine seroquel.
Contents 1 pharmacology 2 pharmacokinetics 3 metabolism 4 adverse events 5 dosage forms 6 warnings about medications with similar names 7 side effects 8 see also 9 external links pharmacology aripiprazole possesses a novel mechanism of action when compared to the other fda approved atypical antipsychotics clozapine , olanzapine , quetiapine , ziprasidone , and risperidone and ropinirole.
Fire and Explosion Health Assume that this product is capable of sustaining combustion. Exposure might occur via skin; eyes; ingestion; inhalation. May produce allergic skin reactions. Respiratory allergen. Possible effects of overexposure in the workplace include: symptoms of hypersensitivity such as skin rash, hives, itching, and difficulty breathing nausea; vomiting; diarrhoea. Health effects information is based on hazards of components. Page 1 6, for example, .
Ziprasidone has modest antagonism of alpha-1 receptors, suggesting low cardiac and hypotensive properties. In studies, the incidence of tachycardia and orthostatic hypotension was reported to be 12%. The release of ziprasidone onto both the Canadian and American markets was delayed, due to heightened awareness of QTc interval prolongation and its association with sudden death. Ziprasidone 160 mg prolongs the QTc interval by approximately 20msec. This prolongation is greater than that reported with other atypical agents, but is less than that reported with thioridazine. Since its release in the U.S, there have been no cases of torsade de pointes in over 150, 000 patients. In cases of overdose, there have been no significant cardiac sequelae and no QTc intervals 500 msec. There is no clinically significant increase of QTc at the high end of the dosing range. The potential for EPS is low although it has been reported. A review of ziprasidone after its release in the U.S. has found the incidence of EPS to approximate that of olanzapine but not to be quite as good as quetiapine or clozapine. Ziprasidone has negligible affinity for muscarinic receptors, so does not cause dry mouth, or blurred vision. The drug appears to have a low potential for weight gain; some patients switching from olanzapine to ziprasidone have experienced weight loss in one trial suggesting that weight gain is less than that seen with olanzapine. Elevations greater than 1.2 x the upper limit of normal of random glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations have occurred in 14.9%, 13.4% and 24.1% of ziprasidone-treated patients, compared to placebo rates of 12.2%, 14.5% and 16% respectively. Drug interactions Ziprasidone is metabolized by aldehyde oxidase and by cytochrome CYP3A4. Potential inhibitors of aldehyde oxidase include chlorpromazine, hydralazine, methadone and d-propoxyphene, while fluvoxamine, norfluoxetine, nefazodone, macrolide antibiotics, protease inhibitors and azole antifungals are among the inhibitors of the CYP3A4 enzyme. Although CYP3A4 inhibitors have been shown to increase ziprasidone levels, the effect of aldehyde inhibitors on ziprasidone levels is not known. Ziprasidone also exhibits protein binding 99% suggesting the potential for protein-binding displacement interactions and tretinoin.
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October 31, 2002 IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION REGARDING MEDICATION ERRORS RESULTING FROM CONFUSION BETWEEN SEROQUEL AND SERZONE-5HT2 Dear Health Care Professional: Please be aware of the following: Potential for medication error resulting from confusion between Seroquel and Serzone-5HT2 sound-alike medications ; . AstraZeneca Canada Inc. has received one report of a medication error in Canada involving confusion between its atypical antipsychotic SEROQUEL quetiwpine fumarate ; indicated for the management of the manifestations of schizophrenia, and SERZONE-5HT2 nefazodone hydrochloride ; , manufactured by Bristol-Myers Squibb, indicated for the symptomatic relief of depressive illness. This report resulted from a dispensing error. SERZONE-5HT2 was prescribed, however SEROQUEL was received by the patient. No other reports of medication errors between these two drugs have been received by AstraZeneca Canada Inc. or Bristol-Myers Squibb Canada Inc., at the time of writing this letter. This letter is being issued to health care professionals and all Canadian hospitals, and relevant professional associations advising them of the possibility and potential seriousness of confusing SEROQUEL and SERZONE-5HT2. A similar letter was sent to healthcare professionals in the U.S.A. and a safety alert letter was also posted on the FDA website on May 20, 2002 and retrovir.
Seroquel qquetiapine fumarate ; is an atypical anti-psychotic drug and is a first line, first choice treatment for a broad range of symptoms of schizophrenia and manic episodes in bipolar disorder. Zomig zolmitriptan ; is for the treatment of migraine with or without aura. Naropin ropivacaine ; is the world's best selling, long-acting local anaesthetic. With its improved safety and mobility profile, it is replacing the previous standard treatment of bupivacaine in major markets. Diprivan propofol ; , an intravenous anaesthetic, is used in the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia, light sedation for diagnostic procedures and for intensive care sedation. Xylocaine lidocaine ; continues to be the world's most widely used local anaesthetic after 50 years on the market.
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Name Cholinesterase inhibitors donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine ; Traditional antipsychotics high-potency agents only, such as haloperidol, thiothixene ; Atypical antipsychotics olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone ; Comments Consistent, but small, positive benefit seen, but some patients may show significant improvement. Low anticholinergic effects, low sedation, less orthostasis, low price. High EPS and TD. May increase stroke risk. Questionable efficacy in limited studies. IM forms of ziprasidone and olanzapine are available. Quet8apine is best for patients with parkinsonism. Orthostasis can be a problem. Best for agitation associated with psychosis. Increased stroke risk. Especially when depression and or anxiety are present, but drugs have anti-irritability effects apart from antidepressant effects. Avoid paroxetine in elderly. Especially when mood instability predominates, these take a while to work. Monitor LFTs and CBC. Often helpful in low, nonsedating doses 25 mg tid ; . Can be used in PM. Watch for orthostasis. Low side effects, takes time to work. Start with 5 mg bid. May worsen apathy and insomnia. Not clear how to predict who will respond. May help with anxiety. Paradoxically may reduce agitation when attention deficits are a problem. May improve apathy. Monitor blood pressure and rifater and quetiapine.
Comprehensive information antipsychotic medications schizophrenia news articles bulletin board back to schizophrenia - thought disorders community send this page to a friend advertisement seroquel que5iapine ; seroquel quetiapine fumarate ; , an oral medication for the management of the manifestations of psychotic disorders including schizophrenia ; , was cleared by the fda for marketing on september 29, 199 seroquel is a new atypical antipsychotic agent in a new chemical class called dibenzothiazepine derivatives.
Quetiapine seems to have robust antidepressant properties, but these data need to be replicated in further trials before quetiapine can be recommended as a first-line agent for acute bipolar depression and rifampin.
1. Has your child been become angry easily when things don't go his her way right away? Has he she had difficulty waiting to get his her needs met? Has he interrupted or intruded on others? Has your child's become angry and aggressive in response to limit- setting? Has his her response seemed to be out of proportion compared to other kids that age? Tell me what that's like. Can you give me an example? 4. Has your child had difficulty waiting his her turn? 5. Has your child been easily frustrated by homework assignments or similar activities requiring thoughtful or methodical work? 6. Has your child had a hard time adjusting to changes in plans planned activities? 7. Has your child become irritable angry when denied something that he she wants needs? 8. Has your child relentlessly pursued his her own needs without regard for the wishes or comfort of others? 0 0 1 information, Skip to H Not easily angered by frustration, skipH Somewhat easily angered by frustration Moderately angry when frustrated, more than age-appropriate, aggressive 4 Very angry and aggressive when frustrated, clearly out of proportion.
The most effective treatment for schizoaffective disorder is a combination of drug treatment and psychosocial interventions. The medications include antipsychotics along with antidepressants or mood stabilizers. The newer atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole are safer than the older typical or conventional antipsychotics such as haloperidol and fluphenazine in terms of parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia. The newer drugs may also have better effects on mood symptoms. Nonetheless, these medications do have some side effects, especially at higher doses. The side effects may include excessive sleepiness, weight gain, and sometimes diabetes. Different antipsychotic drugs have somewhat different side effect profiles. Changing from one antipsychotic to another one may help if a person with schizoaffective disorder does not respond well or develops distressing side effects with the first medication. The same principle applies to the use of antidepressants or mood stablilizers - please see the section on Mood Disorders for details ; . There has been much less research on psychosocial treatments for schizoaffective disorder than there has been in schizophrenia or depression. However, the available evidence suggests that cognitive behavior therapy, brief psychotherapy, and social skills training are likely to have a beneficial effect. Most people with schizoaffective disorder require long-term therapy with a combination of medications and psychosocial interventions in order to avoid relapses, and maintain an appropriate level of functioning and quality of life.
A The commercial name of quetiapine is Seroquel, a trademark of Zeneca Pharmaceuticals. b ESTO: Evaluation of Seroquel on Treatment Outcomes.
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Administration, approximately 87% of an administered dose was recovered as unchanged drug in urine within 48 hours, whereas less than 4% of the dose was recovered in feces in 72 hours. Less than 5% of an administered dose was recovered in the urine as the desmethyl and N-oxide metabolites, the only metabolites identified in humans. These metabolites have little relevant pharmacological activity.
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Peridone trial A. Greenspan, Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc, written communication, December 7, 2004 ; and from the quetiapine trial, 11, 12 we calculated an RR for haloperidol of 2.07 95% CI, 0.78-5.51; P .15 ; .31 COMMENT Overall, the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs for relatively brief periods of less than 8 to 12 weeks was associated with a small increased risk for death compared with placebo. The increased risk only could be identified when the.
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Clozapine, olanzapine, and quetiapine have considerable affinity for the cholinergic receptors, acting as antagonists and resulting in antimuscarinic or anticholinergic effects such as dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, blurred vision, confusion, delirium, and increased heart rate. These anticholinergic AEs are of special significance given the likelihood that patients may be receiving other medications that block cholinergic receptors. Even the milder of these effects can have serious consequences in older adults: for example, blurred vision can result in falls, and dry mouth can result in poor nutritional intake and communication problems.39 In addition, the use of anticholinergic medications may also erode cognitive function, especially in older individuals and those with preexisting cognitive dysfunction.40 In the CATIE-AD trial, there was also a greater likelihood of confusion or changes in mental status with olanzapine 18% ; and risperidone 11% ; relative to placebo 5% ; . In addition, both cognitive disturbances and psychotic symptoms occurred more frequently in the olanzapine treatment group than the other treatment groups 5% and 7%, respectively ; .23.
For antipsychotics, the maximum doses for adolescents changed for haloperidol Haldol ; and perphenazine Trilafon ; . For children, the doses changed for haloperidol and quetiapine Seroquel ; . "No data" was added for perphenazine in children. Dr. Perry reviewed the dosing for quetiapine and ziprasidone Geodon ; . The following are recommendations based on this review. Since the original document was published, the maximum dose of quetiapine was changed to 300 mg. The literature does support a maximum dose of 350 mg day. It was recommended to keep the dose of quetiapine in children to 300 mg day. The Foster Care guidelines show that "no data" is available to determine the maximum dose in children for ziprasidone. The literature shows case reports for the use of ziprasidone in children with bipolar disorder and autism. A mixed age study of the efficacy and tolerability of ziprasidone in children and adolescents with Tourette's Syndrome and chronic tic disorders has been reported in the literature. In addition, a single dose ziprasidone was assessed in children and adolescents with a diagnosis of Tourette's Syndrome or chronic tic disorder to determine the pharmacokinetic, safety and tolerability data. It was recommended that the maximum dose of ziprasidone in children be 80 mg day.
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N a numbers too small for reporting results of statistical test n 5 ; . In-range dosages for aripiprazole: 10-30 mg, quetiapine: 150-750 mg, olanzapine: 5-20 mg, risperidone: 1-8 mg, and ziprasidone: 14-160 mg.
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EVALUATION OF A PRIMARY EYE CARE COURSE PRESENTED TO EAST TIMORESE NURSES. Renee du Toit MPhil Optom FAAO, Jacqueline Ramke, BApSci Optom ; , Cynthia Willis, ODS MPH, Bernadette Eastwood BApSci Optom ; , Deborah Sweeney, PhD, FAAO, Brien Holden, PhD, FAAO, International Centre for Eyecare Education - ICEE. PURPOSE: To evaluate a primary eye care course presented to nurses in East Timor. METHODS: At the completion of a competency based 2 week primary eye care course that included didactic learning, pre and post course multiple choice assessment, group discussion and practical sessions, nurses were asked to complete a questionnaire with 5-point Likert scale ratings and open-ended questions. The areas assessed included background, expectation of the nurses, general satisfaction with the course, instructors, instruction techniques, manual, and potential implementation applicability to their work. All 15 trainees completed the training: 12 males and 3 females with an average age of 35 years. Most had 3 years of training and an average of 12 years experience in the health field but none had any previous training or experience in eye or vision care. RESULTS: The mean pre course exam score was 33% and post score was 78% all trainees scored above 50% ; . Prior to training, 7 trainees said their preferred teaching technique was "listening to lectures" and 4 "group discussions". At the end of the training 10 reported they enjoyed group discussion and practicals, whereas only 4 mentioned "theory". The lowest score was assigned to potential difficulties of application: because of lack of referral pathways and personnel. Ten nurses wanted more information to use for community eye care awareness. The manual was well received because of the pictures, case studies, and potential future use as a reference. The instructors commented on the need to include more information on the process of differential diagnosis since nurses seemed to have little experience in this area. The nurses requested further training. CONCLUSIONS: The instructors, teaching techniques, and manual were well-received and relevant to eye care in East Timor. In the future, emphasis should be placed on differential diagnosis, group discussions and practical sessions. Community awareness materials would prove a valuable addition to the course. 169.
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